Bell Ringers 1/25-1/30

Bell Ringer
Describe what you would do to maintain everything that you have including your family, belongings? and dreams.


Bell Ringer:
Describe what it takes to start all over?

Bell Ringer
Describe why it is so hard for some people to change even when they know that they are wrong?

Bell Ringer
Does technology always make life easier?

Chapter 15 Notes

Reconstruction

Emancipation

Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863

Freed all slaves in the Confederate States, but they ignored the order General Gordon Granger landed
 in Galveston on June 19, 1865 with the Union army, and  declared all Texas slaves to be free.

State holiday - Juneteenth

The Freedmen’s Bureau

Created by the US Congress to help former slaves adjust to freedom

–Provided food

–Shelter

–Medicine

–Jobs

–Representation in Court

–Created first schools for African American children

Johnson’s Plan

(Andrew Johnson became president after Lincoln was assassinated)

States had to end slavery

States had to declare that secession had been illegal

States had to cancel all war debts

Adult white males had to pledge loyalty to the United States in order to vote

“Black Codes”

Assigned African Americans to 2nd class status

Marriages between Black and White was illegal

African Americans could not vote, hold public office, or serve on juries

Reconstruction Act of 1867

Placed the Southern States under military rule

Required states to eliminate “Black Codes”

Required states to write new constitutions giving African Americans the right to vote (15th
 Amendment)

The Constitution of 1869

Written mostly by Republicans
(10 delegates were African American)

Increased the power of state government

Gave the governor a great deal of power

Adopted 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments

Declared US Constitution the law of the land

Established public school system

Established system of state law enforcement

Readmission to the Union

13th Amendment  - Freed all Slaves
14th Amendment - Made all former Slaves Citizens
15th Amendment - Gave all Males of age the right to vote. 

The End of Military Rule

On March 8, 1870 President Ulysses S Grant declared Reconstruction over in Texas

Texas was readmitted to the Union

Democrats take back control of the Texas Legislature in 1872

Democrat Richard Coke defeated Edmund J Davis, for governor, in the election of 1873

Davis called the election illegal and refused to leave office

Davis barricaded himself inside the capital with the help of his state militia

Antebellum Texas

Precursor of Succession 

Texas had voted to break with the Union and join the Confederate states. Governor Sam Houston urged Texans to stay a part of the Union. Houston was forced out of office and Texas voted to succeed. Many Texans felt that to succeed from the Union was to waste the hard work that it took to achieve annexation in the first place. 

Slavery in Texas

Only one in four Texas families owned slaves. However, Slavery helped drive the most important "cash crop' Cotton. Even those who did not own slaves benefited by the slave trade. As the cotton trade increased so to did the slave trade in Texas. 

Politics

Texas was considered a largely Democratic state. The sentiments in Texas mirrored those the rest of the Southern states. Cotton was King and slavery powered the engine of the Texas Economy.

Slavery was necessary to keep the cotton trade going. It was natural for Texas to take the side of the Confederacy. Numbers of Unionists however wanted to keep Texas part of the United States. 

Sam Houston and Succession

Texas in the Civil War

Texas in the Civil War

Sam Houston and Secession

4th Six Weeks - Mid-term Assessment Questions

1. Which city served as the first capitol of the Republic of Texas?

 A. Galveston                     B. Houston                          C. Austin              D. Amarillo

2. Due to the decision of the United States government in 1849, regarding Texas boundaries, what did Texas share in an equal split with the state of Louisiana?

 A. money in the Texas treasury                                 C. Sabine Lake

 B. land on the coast of Texas                                     D. the Gulf of Mexico

3. Texas became a state in the Union on December 29, 1845. Why did many Southerners want to split Texas into a group of smaller states?

 A. They felt Texas was too large to settle.

 B. They were afraid that Texas would have more power.

 C. They wanted slave states to have more votes in Congress.

 D. They wanted more states in the Union

4. In which era did Texas experience great improvements in transportation?

 A. 1821–1836                                     C. 1845–1846

 B. 1836–1845                                     D. 1900–1950

5.

   

US annexation of  Texas                     Boundary Disputes                   Refusal to Negotiate

The information listed describes causes of which conflict? 

A. Texas Revolution                                                 C. Civil War

B. Mexican-American War                                       D. Battle of Palo Duro Canyon

6. In 1839, two companies of American Indian Texas Rangers fought the Comanche Nation on behalf of the Republic of Texas. Both Hispanic and Indian Texans served as Texas Rangers, fighting against Mexico, border guerillas and hostile Native American tribes.

However, in July of 1839, Mirabeau Lamar, then President of the Republic of Texas, ignored the service of friendly native Americans, and vowed to rid Texas of Indians. Opting to begin with a tribe that would become famous for its forced walk of displacement in another location, he then initiated a campaign to forcibly remove the—

A. Cherokee                                       C. Comanche

B. Apache                                            D. Navajo

7. In which era did Sam Houston lead Texas troops?

A. American Revolution                                                                C. Mexican-American War

B. Texas Revolution                                                        D. World War I

8. In which time period did Texas govern itself?

A. 1821–1836                                     C. 1845–1846

B. 1836–1845                                      D. 1874–1900

9. Whose point of view is expressed in this quote during the Mexican-American War in 1846?

 A. Texas settler                                                            C. Sam Houston

 B. U.S. government official                                         D. Mexican government official

10.

 Texas is the only state to enter the Union by what means?

 A. territorial annexation                                                 C. treaty

 B. defeat in battle                                                           D. purchase

11. In September of 1842, a Mexican force led by General Adrian Woll occupied San Antonio and declared Texas reconquered by Mexico.

The man pictured above led a combined force of 600 Texas Rangers, made up of volunteers and soldiers that fought the Mexican army and forced Woll’s return to Mexico. Who was this man?

A. Captain Jack Hays

B. Captaub “Black” Adam Zumwalt

C. Colonel Matthew Caldwell

D. Stephen F. Austin

12. In which era did women, minority groups and immigrants enrich Texas?

A. during exploration                                          C.  1874–1900

B. 1821–1836                                                      D. 1950–present

13. As President of the new Republic of Texas, Sam Houston worked for a peaceful resolution with Native Americans over land issues. How did Houston’s successor, Mirabeau B. Lamar, deal with tribes in Texas?

 A. A peace treaty was made, giving land to all tribes.

 B. Native American tribes were moved to reservations.

 C. Lamar ordered an attack and forced Indians to move from lands they had settled.

 D. Lamar asked the United States to send troops to northeastern Texas.

  

14. The Mexican-American War lasted roughly from 1846 to 1848. As a result of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the United States acquired land that would become Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, California, Nevada, and Colorado. It also acquired land in Texas, as the Mexican government—

 A. finally recognized the Rio Grande as the Texas-Mexico border

 B. ceded 150 square miles of land in the south of Texas to the United States

 C. recalled 2,000 of its troops from Texas and destroyed all traces of its settlements there

 D. pulled back its boundary with Texas all the way to Chihuahua

15. When Lamar left office the Republic of Texas was even more in debt which led Houston once again to seek

A. a loan from the US                                              C.  annexation to US

B. sell land to Mexico to raise money                      D. seek to become part of Mexico again

16. Using the above map label the following cities and rivers.

A. Where was the capital of the Republic after Lamar became president?

B. Name the River which Mexico believed was the border of Texas.

C. Name the three major rivers that were part of Texas.

D. Name the region which had the largest population in the Republic of Texas.

Notes: Texas: Where the World Meets

Texas: Where the World Meets


The new state of Texas became home for immigrants from many countries. Immigrant groups have journeyed to Texas throughout history for a variety of reasons, bringing with them unique customs and traditions. Many Texas towns and cities were founded by immigrants.

Mexican Texans

The census of 1850 did not measure the number of Mexican Texans in the state. However, historians suggest that there may have been 23,000 Tejanos. Most Mexican Texans lived in or near San Antonio, between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande, or along the Rio Grande from west of Big Bend to El Paso. Some Tejanos, such as José Antonio Navarro, owned successful cattle or sheep ranches or businesses. Others worked as sheepherders, cowhands, or ranch laborers.

German Texans

During the 1840s and 1850s Texas also attracted immigrants from Europe. By 1860 more than 43,000 people born outside of the United States lived in Texas. Germans made up the largest number of these
settlers. Although some Germans came to Texas seeking political or religious freedom, others arrived in search of economic opportunities. Germans settled in New Braunfels and other communities to the north and west, including Fredericksburg.

Other Immigrants from Europe

The Irish and English were the second and third largest groups of Europeans to settle in Texas. In 1845 many Irish fled their homeland because a disease attacked Ireland’s main food crop, the potato, causing a famine. By 1850 there were 1,403 Irish settlers in Texas. The number increased to 3,480 by 1860. Many Irish immigrants settled around San Patricio and Refugio.
Texas settlers came from almost every nation in Europe. Polish immigrants led by Father Leopold Moczygemba (moh•chee•GHEM•bah) settled in the town of Panna Maria in Karnes County. Ernst Bergman and Josef Lesikar led a large group of Czechs into Central Texas. Immigrants from Sweden, Norway, Italy, and the Netherlands also arrived in large numbers during the 1850s.

Native Texans

President Lamar had forced most Native Texans out of East Texas during the years of the Republic. His policy was called the removal of the Native Texans. However, many Comanches and Kiowas still lived in the western part of the state. The growing population of Texas spread even farther west onto Native Texans’ hunting land. This loss of land increased tensions with native groups.
Migration from the United States

Most of the new Texans emigrated from the United States, mostly from the South. During the 1850s many immigrants came from Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee, and Alabama. These settlers generally moved directly to the frontier line. There they could farm as they had at their previous homes. Immigrants from Georgia and Mississippi usually settled in the pine belt of East Texas and cleared land for cotton crops. Louisianians settled mainly in the lower regions of rivers near the coast, where they grew sugar cane. People tended to settle in areas that were similar to their former homes.
Slavery had existed in Texas for many years. African American slaves were brought to Texas by their owners during the colonial period despite some efforts by the Mexican government to free them. By 1860 the slave population was growing faster than the free population. Even though most white people in Texas did not own slaves, they generally supported slavery. They claimed that slavery was needed to support the economy of the South. However, many groups in Texas, including German immigrants and Tejanos, opposed slavery. They argued that it was morally wrong for one person to own another person.

Source: McDougal Littell, Celebrating Texas